JowlesRTAC

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In the mildly convoluted language of the GSM specifications, a Terminal Adaptor is a component that sits between the CPU running your phone software and the GSM Radio that talks with your carrier's network. While the interface between the Terminal Adaptor and the GSM Radio is dependent on how the radio was implemented, the interface between the your application processor and the Terminal Adaptor is highly regular. This allows us to use "standard" AT commands to tell the radio to do things like "dial a phone number" or "send a SMS message". It also provides an interface for the system to receive notification of events like "the phone is ringing" or "you just got a SMS message".

rTAC is a software component in the Jowles "architecture" responsible for controlling the GSM Terminal Adaptor; in other words, it is a Terminal Adaptor Controller (TAC).

Conforming Standards

ETSI 07.05 - interface for Short Message Service (SMS) and Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)
So you would think that sending a SMS message would be as simple as issuing an AT command and then sending the message. But were it that simple, we would have robbed a group of engineers the opportunity to over-specify something. Anyway... the mechanics of getting your GSM modem to send SMS messages are a little more complicated than you would expect, but at least they're documented.
ETSI 07.07 - Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); AT Command set for GSM Mobile Equipment (ME)
This document defines the AT Command set used to control GSM radios. It defines things like how to query the radio signal strength, how to dial the phone, and how to send a SMS message.
ITU V.250 - Serial asynchronous automatic dialling and control (formerly V.25ter)
As far as I can tell, this is about an "official" specification for the "standard" AT command set as one can find.
ITU V.250 Supplement 1: Various extensions to V.250 basic command set
ITU T.31 - Asynchronous facsimile DCE control - Service Class 1
ITU T.31 - Annex B: Procedure for Service Class 1 support of V.34 modems